Pain has a cause. These are the ones we see most, what each actually is, and what can be done about it.
Neck and upper back
Whiplash
The classic crash injury — facet joints and ligaments strained by rapid flexion and extension.
Neck pain
Persistent cervical pain, with or without an injury to explain it.
Cervical radiculopathy
A pinched nerve root in the neck, producing arm pain, numbness or weakness.
Cervicogenic headache
Headache generated by the upper cervical spine rather than the head itself.
Low back and leg
Low back pain
The most common pain complaint there is, and the one most often treated badly.
Sciatica
Pain travelling down the leg along the sciatic nerve.
Herniated disc
When the soft centre of a disc pushes through its outer wall.
Spinal stenosis
Narrowing of the spinal canal, typically producing pain on walking.
Facet joint pain
The small paired joints at the back of the spine.
Sacroiliac joint pain
Where the spine meets the pelvis — a frequently missed source of low back pain.
Nerve pain
Peripheral neuropathy
Burning, numbness and tingling, usually starting in the feet.
Complex regional pain syndrome
Disproportionate pain after an injury, with colour and temperature change.
Carpal tunnel syndrome
Median nerve compression at the wrist.
Occipital neuralgia
Sharp shooting pain at the back of the head.
Joints and soft tissue
Shoulder injury
Rotator cuff, impingement and post-accident shoulder pain.
Knee pain
Osteoarthritis and post-traumatic knee pain.
Hip pain
Joint, bursal and referred hip pain.
Myofascial pain
Trigger points and muscular pain that persists after the injury heals.
Head and whole-body
Concussion and head injury
Post-traumatic headache, concentration and sleep problems.
Fibromyalgia
Widespread pain with a sensitized nervous system.
Chronic headache and migraine
When headaches stop being occasional.
Coccydynia
Tailbone pain, usually after a fall.
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